Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell, Royal Dutch shell» - a British-Dutch oil and gas company. As of 2018, it is the largest oil and gas company and the 11th largest publicly traded company in the world, according to the Forbes Global 2000 rating (including the 3rd largest by revenue, 21st by net profit, 83rd by assets and 15th by market capitalization); fifth in the Fortune Global 500 ranking. The company is headquartered in The Hague (The Netherlands) and London (United Kingdom).

History

The group was formed in 1907 by the merger of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd. This merger was mainly due to the need to compete on the world market with the American company Standard Oil and initially (until 2005) was a partnership of two independent holding companies.

Royal Dutch was founded in 1890 in the Hague after receiving an oil production concession on the island Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia); the company was created with the support of the king Willem III, so it was called "Royal Dutch", that is,"Royal Dutch". The Sumatra field was discovered in 1885, and oil exports began in 1892. Founded a company J. B. August Kessler, however, in 1896, a 30-year-old man joined the management team.Henry Deterding Henri Deterding, who became CEO of Royal Dutch in 1901. On his initiative, the Asiatic Petroleum Company (Asiatic oil company), a joint venture between Royal Dutch, Shell and the Paris branch of the family, was established in 1903.The Rothschilds (who had significant interests in Russian oil production).

The origins of Shell go back to the 1830s to the merchant Marcus Samuel, who sold boxes decorated with sea shells (English shell, hence the name and logo). In 1878, his two sons founded Marcus Samuel & Co. with offices in great Britain and Japan, which became one of the largest shipping and trading companies in the far East. In the 1880s, one of the main activities of their company was the transportation of Caspian oil to the far East (first by sea around Africa, since 1892 through. The Suez canal In 1897, the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company was founded for this purpose, and the following year it began developing an oil field on the island Borneo. The company grew rapidly in the early years, but the Samuel brothers were not experienced enough for operations of this scale, their major miscalculation involving Texas oil in 1901 put the company in a difficult position, and their partnership in the Asiatic Petroleum Company soon came under the almost complete control of Royal Dutch. Thus, when the Royal Dutch/Shell Group was formed in 1907, the British component accounted for only 40% of the shares, and Deterding became the head of the group. In 1910, Royal Dutch Shell acquired the first concession for the development of Russian deposits in the United States. Grozny oil district and starts large-scale oil production. By 1914, the group's assets had grown 2.5 times, mainly due to purchases in Russia (in 1910) and Venezuela (in 1913), in addition to these countries, the group had mining assets in Romania (since 1906), Iraq, Egypt (since 1911), Mexico and Trinidad (since 1914)[12]. In 1912, the group entered the U.S. market by founding the Roxana Petroleum Company in Oklahoma and buying the marketing company American Gasoline Company. the following year, a British company with oil assets in California, California Oilfields, Ltd., was purchased. In 1915, Royal Dutch/Shell's oil production in the United States alone was 6 million barrels. However, the first world war complicated the group's work, equipment in Romania was destroyed, assets in Russia were nationalized in 1917, and in the UK the group was suspected of supplying oil to the enemy through neutral countries.

The 1920s were a period of rapid growth. In 1919, large deposits in Mexico were purchased from the British company Mexican Eagle. In 1922, the Shell Union Oil Corporation (renamed the Shell Oil Company in 1949) was created, combining the group's American assets, and oil production in Venezuela was also rapidly increasing. In 1929, two chemical companies were established, one in the United States and the other in the Netherlands. The problem of oil overproduction in the late 1920s and during the Soviet era.The great depression Deterding tried to solve the cartel problem. under the Royal Dutch / Shell agreements with Standard Oil of New Jersey and Anglo-Persian Oil Company, the first meeting of the heads of these companies took place at achnacarry castle in Scotland in 1928. In the 1930s, deter ding's Pro-fascist sympathies began to create too many problems for the group, and in 1936 He was removed as head of Royal Dutch / Shell (and died in 1939), the group was then managed by a Committee without a pronounced leader.

Although in 1938, Mexican assets were nationalized, and in the course of During the second world war, 87 ships of the group were sunk, which was offset by the high demand for all types of Royal Dutch / Shell products (both petroleum products and synthetic rubber) during the war years. Demand continued to grow in the 1950s and 1960s, which was the most favorable period for both Shell (which accounted for one-seventh of the world's oil production) and its other "sisters" - British Petroleum, Exxon, Texaco, Chevron, Mobil and Gulf Oil. Also during these decades, Royal Dutch / Shell expanded its operations to natural gas and offshore oil production. In 1959, Shell partnered with Esso to discover a gas field in Groningen (The Netherlands), which turned out to be one of the largest in the world, by the early 1970s it provided half of the gas consumed in Europe. In 1971, an oil field was discovered inIn the North sea, as well as a large gas field on the Australian shelf. At the same time, the group also developed its chemical division, producing several hundred chemical products at enterprises around the world. In 1987, Shell was forced to withdraw from South Africa (where then the state policy was apartheid) due to constant arson attacks on the company's property.Revolutionary anti-racist action.

The situation in the oil industry changed radically in 1973, when the countries of OPEC unilaterally raised the price of oil. By this time, much of the assets of Royal Dutch / Shell and other Western oil companies in developing countries had been nationalized. The group had to look for new deposits in non-OPEC countries, as well as develop new areas of activity, for example, in 1974, the coal mining company Shell Coal International was created and the mining company Billiton was bought, and even more emphasis was placed on the chemical industry. This diversification, however, was not entirely successful: some chemical companies operated at a loss due to overproduction, and non-core assets were mostly sold in the 1980s (Billiton became part of BHP Billiton in 1994).

In 1998, a joint venture was formed between Shell Oil Company, Texaco Inc. and Saudi Aramco, which combined the assets of these companies in refining and selling petroleum products in the Eastern United States; it was named Motiva Enterprises LLC, Shell's share in it was 35 %. Shell Oil Co. and Texaco Inc. combined similar assets in the rest of the United States into a joint venture called Equilon Enterprises LLC.

In 2004, Royal Dutch / Shell was forced to admit that its proved reserves were grossly overstated, and their recalculation the following year yielded results 40 % lower. This significantly reduced the group's market capitalization, and shareholders called for a simplification of the Royal Dutch/Shell structure. In the summer of 2005, the shareholders of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Ltd approved the merger of the parent companies into one company with headquarters in the Netherlands. This deal turned the Netherlands into the world's largest investor in 2005, and the UK into the main recipient of investments in the world (they tripled, to $164.5 billion).

In 2012-15, there was a significant sell-off of assets in the United States, Australia, Brazil, and Italy.

In February 2016, Royal Dutch Shell completed its acquisition of the British BG Group, which was announced in April 2015. The transaction amount was $ 70 billion. Under the terms of the deal, BG Group shareholders received about 19 % of the combined company, and Royal Dutch Shell-access to the reserves of liquefied natural gas, which the British company specializedin producing.

In 2017, the Dutch company New Motion, one of the largest operators of electric vehicle charging points in Europe, was purchased (50 thousand in 25 European countries, including 30 thousand in the Netherlands).

Royal Dutch Shell's net loss for 2020 was $21.7 billion, a record high and the company's first annual loss in decades. In 2019, Shell's net profit was $15.8 billion.

Owners and management

Royal Dutch Shell has released two groups of stocks, "A" (4.55 billion) and "B" (3.75 bn of shares), their total value (market capitalization) at the beginning of 2019 was $252 billion; 98.6% of shares are in free float on the stock exchanges of Amsterdam (Euronext), the London and new York. The largest nominal holder of shares (about 40%) is the Dutch trust Fund Nederlands Centraal Instituut Voor Giraal Effectenverkeer BV, which is part of the Belgian financial company Euroclear. This company was founded in 1968 by J. P. Morgan & Co. for operations with Eurobonds. Other shareholders:

• BlackRock Investment Management (UK) Ltd. — 4,78 %
• The Vanguard Group, Inc. — 3,32 %
• Franklin Advisers, Inc. — 2,99 %
• Legal & General Investment Management Ltd. — 2,81 %
• Norges Bank Investment Management — 2,57 %
• State Street Global Advisors Ltd. — 2,43 %
• BlackRock Fund Advisors — 2,41 %
• FIL Investment Advisors (UK) Ltd. — 1,87 %
• Clearstream Banking SA — 1,66 %

The highest governing body of Royal Dutch Shell isThe Board of Directors, which meets 8 times a year and includes the Chairman, his Deputy, chief Executive and chief financial officer, and 7 to 9 independent Directors, all of whom are re-elected annually by the General meeting of shareholders. The main functions of the Board of Directors are to form an overall strategy for the company's development, monitor the financial statements, including approval of the annual report, signing major contracts and appointing the company's top management. The company's current Affairs are handled by an Executive Committee headed by the chief Executive officer.

• Charles Holliday (born March 9, 1948 in Nashville, United States) is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch shell since may 2015. Prior to that, he worked at DuPont, in particular, from 1998 to 2008 he was chief Executive officer, and from 1999 to 2009 he was also Chairman of the Board of Directors. Previously, he was Chairman of the Board of Bank of America Corporation. One of the co-founders of the International Business Council.  Also a member of the Board of Directors of HCA Holdings, Inc.
• Ben van beurden (born April 23, 1958) has been chief Executive officer since January 2014, and has been with shell since 1983 (just after graduating with a master's degree from Delft University of technology).
• Gerard Kleisterlee-Deputy Chairman and senior independent member of the Board of Directors since 2018, on the Board of Directors since 2010; spent his entire career at Philips, in particular from 2001 to 2011 he was President and Chairman of the management Board; also Chairman of the management Board of Vodafone Group plc.
• Jessica Uhl— chief financial officer (CFO) since March 2017; in the company from 2004, from 1997 to 2003 she worked at Enron, from 1990 to 1996 at Citibank.

Other members of the leadership

The group's former senior management includes Peter Voser, CEO from 2009 to 2013. John Kerr, who headed the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company from 2002, and from 2006 to 2012 — Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the combined group; Maarten van den Bergh, son of Sidney James van den Berg, longtime Chairman of Unilever and Dutch Minister of defense in 1959, and grandson Samuel van den Berg, one of the founders of Unilever.

Activity

Main divisions:

• Integrated Gas — production of natural gas, its transportation, conversion to liquefied gas, maintenance of infrastructure for gas delivery to consumers; this division also includes such non-core activities as electricity generation (wind turbines in the United States with a total capacity of 400 MW), biofuels (pilot plant in India) and hydrogen fuel (projects in Germany, great Britain and California), trade in carbon dioxide rights; revenue in 2017 was $36.7 billion, production of gas and other products amounted to 887,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, production of liquefied natural gas amounted to 33.2 million tons, mainly in Australia, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Russia, Qatar and Brunei.
• Upstream — oil production, including shale oil and deepwater production; the most important countries include Brazil, the United States, Oman, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Russia, Norway, Denmark, Canada, Gabon, Italy; production level is 2.777 million barrels per day, revenue in 2017 was $40.2 billion.
• Downstream sales — oil refining and sales of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricants), as well as biofuels and sulfur; Royal Dutch Shell has shares in 21 oil refining complexes, in total these shares give a capacity of 2.9 million barrels per day, the largest of them are located in Singapore, the Netherlands, the USA, Germany, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Denmark, South Africa; 44 thousand gas stations operate under the Shell brand in 70 countries, they are used daily by more than 30 million customers; revenue in 2017, it amounted to $269 billion.

Geographical distribution of revenue:

• Europe — $100.6 billion;
• Asia, Oceania and Africa — $114.7 billion;
• USA — $66.9 billion;
• the rest of America — $22 billion.

Shell conducts geological exploration and production of oil and gas in more than 80 countries around the world. Proven oil and gas reserves at the end of 2017 amounted to 12.233 billion barrels of oil equivalent, including 4.613 billion barrels of oil (0.277 % of the world's 1665 billion barrels of reserves) and 1.145 trillion cubic meters of gas (0.58% of the world's 196 trillion cubic meters of reserves). In 2017, 1.383 billion barrels of oil and gas were produced (3.664 million barrels per day; for comparison, world oil production was 97.3 million barrels per day, of which OPEC countries 32.3 million, the United States 9.3 million barrels).

R & d expenditures totaled $922 million in 2017, with major centers located in India, the Netherlands, and the United States, as well as Brazil, China, Germany, Qatar, and Oman.

Regions of operation

Europe

Of the European countries, Royal Dutch Shell has the most significant presence inThe Netherlands. Shell and ExxonMobil are partners in Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B. V., which owns a 60 percent stake in the company.Groningen gas field (40% for the Dutch government), which produced 21.6 billion cubic meters of gas in 2017. The company also holds the same share in the Schoonebeek area with onshore and offshore natural gas fields. Participation in the GATE LNG gas storage facility (Shell's share is 1.4 million tons per year). The Netherlands is home to the company's second largest oil refinery in the city Pernis with a capacity of 404 thousand barrels per day and a chemical plant in Moerdijk.

Subsidiary inThe company Gasnor AS (100 %) provides ships and industrial consumers with liquefied natural gas. There are also shares in oil and gas production on the Norwegian shelf (Draugen, 44.6 %, Gaupe, 60 %, Knarr 45 %, Ormen Lange, 17.8 %).

In There are two chemical plants operating in the UK (Mossmorran and Stanlow), and there is also a 50% stake in the Dragon LNG terminal. The Penguins field in the North sea in the territorial waters of the United Kingdom, was discovered in 1974, and its development began in 2002 (in partnership with ExxonMobil). Also on the British continental shelf, Royal Dutch Shell owns several more sites.

In Italy, the company is involved in oil production in Val d'agri (39.23 %) and Tempa Rossa (25 %).

In Greece, Shell has a 49 percent stake in the gas distribution companies Attiki Gas Supply Company S. A. and Attiki Natural Gas Distribution Company S. A.

In Germany, there are three refineries (Miro, Rhineland and Schwedt) with a total capacity of 826 thousand barrels per day.

United States of America

The core business in the United States is Shell Oil Company, headquartered inTexas. Production is carried out mainly in The Gulfof Mexico , which provides about 15 % of the total oil produced by the Royal Dutch Shell group (247 thousand barrels per day); there are also oil fields in California and shale gas deposits in the States Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wyoming (producing a total of 137 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day). The main production centers in the Gulf of Mexico are: On Kika (field Appomattox), Cardamom, Kai kias, Mars A, Mars B, Stones, Vito, Perdido, Auger, Ursa, Enchilada / Salsa, Ram Powell, Whale, the group's share in these projects varies from 38 to 100 %.

Under the Shell brand, there are about 14,000 gas stations in the United States, as well as a number of oil refineries (with a total capacity of 922,000 barrels per day) and chemical plants. A complex for the production of ethane from shale gas in the state of Pennsylvania — Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex is currently under construction.

The Royal Dutch/Shell Group has been present in the United States since 1912, initially selling imported petroleum products, but soon acquired its own production and processing facilities in this country. Since the 1920s, the group owned 60-65% of the shares of the American company, in 1985 the rest were bought and Shell Oil Company became a fully subordinate subsidiary of the British-Dutch group.

Shell has made several attempts to extract oil in the Arctic in the Beaufort sea near Alaska. Since 1988,the kulluk drilling vessel has been located there, and an artificial island called Northstar with an oil well located on it. In 2013, Shell, using the same Kulluk vessel, tried to resume operations, but faced serious technical problems and the project was suspended. On may 11, 2015, the Obama administration authorized Shell to start drilling for oil in Arctic waters off the coast of Alaska.] according to the us Department of the interior, the Alaskan fields can produce more than 20 billion barrels of oil and 2.5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. In 2017, the rights to oil production in the Arctic were sold to the Italian company Eni.

Canada

Oil and gas production is mainly concentrated in the provinces Albert and British Columbia. Royal Dutch Shell has stakes in 882 shale gas wells , the average level in 2017 was 129 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day. Shell also develops Athabaskan oil Sands in Alberta. Off the East coast, the company participates in the sable Offshore Energy deepwater gas production project (31% SHARE). Royal Dutch Shell is the operator of the Quest CCS carbon dioxide capture and conservation project (more than 1 million tons in 2017). At the stage of completion of construction of a complex in Western Canada for the production of liquefied natural gas LNG Canada.

South America

Shale gas production in Russia Argentina (Vaca Muerta field), deep-sea oil production off the coas tBrazil (including the Parque das Conchas project), natural gas production in Bolivia and the Trinidad and Tobago, as well as liquefied natural gas production facilities (with a capacity of 5.3 million tons in Trinidad and Tobago, 0.9 million tons per year).Peru).

Australia and New Zealand

Royal Dutch Shell's Australian assets include stakes in natural gas production on the Australian shelf: the Carnarvon (25 %) and Brause (67%) basins, The Timor sea (26.6 %), as well as in enterprises producing liquefied natural gas (11.1 million tons). InNew Zealand also has gas production in Maui (83.75 %) and Pohokura (48 %), as well as in the Great southern basin (61 %). In 2018, Shell sold its new Zealand assets to Austria's OMV and new Zealand's Todd.

Nigeria

In 1936, Royal Dutch Shell established a joint venture in Nigeria with its predecessor British Petroleum; oil exports began in 1958. Since 1973, the Nigerian government has become a participant in the project, and in subsequent years the government's share has increased, and British Petroleum has gradually withdrawn from the project. In 1979, the joint venture was transformed into the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, in which the majority owned Nigerian national oil Corporation (55 %), Shell owned 30 %, Total-10 %, Eni - 5 %, Shell remained the operator of oil production. In 1990, a movement for the survival of the Ogoni people was created in the oil development zone, headed by the poet Ken Saro-WIWA which launched a campaign for a more equitable distribution of oil production revenue and compensation for environmental damage. In January 1993, mass protests against Shell were organized, suppressed by the Nigerian army; in April of that year, Shell announced plans to develop oil in Nigerian territorial waters, and work on the mainland was gradually curtailed by the end of the 1990s (although oil production continued to exceed 1 million barrels per day in 2003). In 2006, the paramilitary group for the liberation of the Niger Delta start of an attack on Shell objects. In 2010, Shell sold off some of its mainland assets, concentrating on offshore oil production .

In Nigeria, oil and gas production is 266 thousand barrels per day. The operator of operations on the mainland is Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited, in which Shell's share is 30 %, deep-sea production in territorial waters is carried out by a fully subordinate subsidiary of Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company Limited( SNEPCo), the main project — Bonga oil field. The amount of liquefied natural gas produced in Nigeria is 5.2 million tons.

The rest of Africa

InEgypt has a joint venture with the Egyptian oil Corporation Badr Petroleum Company, which produces oil and gas in the Western desert, and two more joint ventures with the same partner produce natural gas offshore in the Nile Delta. A liquefied natural gas production facility with a capacity of 0.2 million tons is operating in Egypt.

The share in the West African gas pipeline Company is 17.9 %. Offshore natural gas production Tanzania (60% share in the area of 4 thousand km2). Shell also has stakes in deposits in Gabon, Algeria, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Tunisia. South Africa has an oil refining complex (Durban, a share of 36 %, the performance of 165 thousand barrels per day).

Russia

Royal Dutch Shell is involved in the development of Sakhalin shelf (project PSA "Sakhalin-2(share of 27.5 %, partners — JSC "Sakhalin-2").Gazprom and Japan's Mitsui Group and Mitsubishi Corporation) and the Salym group's fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (a 50% share in Salym petroleum development N. V.-joint venture with Sibir Energy). Royal Dutch Shell also holds exploration and production licenses for the Severny vorkutinsky 1, Severny vorkutinsky 2 and Syryaga blocks (Komi Republic, Timan Pechora). Liquefied natural gas production in Russia is 3.1 million tons per year.

Shell is actively engaged in marketing lubricants in Russia — the concern accounts for about 20 % of all imports of motor and industrial oils to Russia. At the airport Domodedovo airport Shell refuels more than 30 airlines. Marketing of petrochemical products is developing. InSt. Petersburg, In Moscow, Leningradregion , Moscowregion , The company has a network of gas stations in Vologda and other regions (as of June 2013 — 100 stations).) In August 2009 in Torzhok (Tver region) construction of a Shell lubricants plant worth $100 millionhas begun [45]. The plant was opened on October 3, 2012. It is planned to produce 200 million liters of products per year. The shell Torzhok plant is part of a regional group that includes shell's lubricants manufacturing plants in Europe and Africa. The plant's products are exported to Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.

Ukraine

Shell Retail entered the Ukrainian market in 2007. Since then, the Shell-branded gas station chain has been operated by Royal Dutch Shell. Shell Retail Ukraine is geographically part of the Shell Downstream Retail cluster in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, Shell's gas station network includes 132 stations in 18 regions of Ukraine, and Shell employs more than 1,500 people in Ukraine.

Asia

Oil and gas production in the territory of the Russian Federation Brunei (including territorial waters) is run by a joint venture of Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad (50 percent each of Shell and the government of Brunei). Most of the gas is sold to the Brunei LNG Sendirian Berhad LNG plant, in which the group has a 25 percent share and a capacity of 1.6 million tons per year.

InChina has a joint venture with China National Petroleum Corporation to develop the Changbei gas field (Changbei I and Changbei II). China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Shell jointly own the largest Nanhai petrochemical complex in China (CSPC petrochemical Complex, district Foshan province Guangdong). The construction of this complex took place from 2002 to 2006 and cost $4.3 billion, in 2018 it was expanded, the capacity reached 2.3 million tons per year , including 320 thousand tons of monoethyleneglycol produced using exclusive OMEGA technology.

In India, Royal Dutch Shell is represented by a 30% stake in the Panna/Mukta oil and gas production site, as well as a stake in a gas distribution company Mumbai (32.5 %) and the state's liquefied natural gas terminal Gujarat (74 %).

In Kazakhstan, Royal Dutch Shell has significant interests. This is the Karachaganak oil field, in which Shell has a share of 29.25 %, it produces 393 thousand barrels per day. The group also has a 16.8% stake in the Kashagan project (field Kashagan, Atyrau, The Caspian seathe 3,400 km2 site produces 370,000 barrels per day. in addition, Shell has a subsidiary company Pearls PSC (55 %), which owns two more sites in the Caspian sea, Auezov and Khazar, with a total area of 520 km2. Shell's share in the consortium of the Caspian oil pipeline connecting the Caspian sea with the Black sea through Kazakhstan and Russia is 7.43 %.

In Malaysia, the company conducts deep-sea oil and gas production off the Islands of Sabah and Sarawak, including the Malikai project (35% share) and Gumusut-Kakap project (29% share %). Participation in companies producing liquefied gas Malaysia LNG Tiga (15 %, 1.3 million tons) and liquid fuel from Shell MDS gas (72 %, 14.7 thousand barrels).

In Royal Dutch Shell has a 34% stake in Petroleum Development Oman (60% in the government of Oman), which operates 160 oil and gas fields with a total area of 86 thousand km2. Participation in a company for the production of liquefied natural gas Oman LNG LLC (30 %, the 2 million tons).

In Iraq, the company has a 44 percent stake in Basrah Gas Company. Also in 2009, Royal Dutch Shell acquired stakes in two oil fields (West Qurna and Majnun), but withdrew from these projects in 2017.

In Qatar's Pearl GTL gas liquid fuel production facility inRAS Laffan processes 45 million cubic meters of natural gas into 140,000 barrels of liquid fuel per day; it started operating in mid-2011, has been operating at full capacity since 2012, and the project cost is estimated at $24 billion. This enterprise, the largest of its kind in the world, is jointly owned with Qatar Petroleum. There is also a 30% stake in the Qatargas 4 complex, which includes gas production in the North of Qatar and its liquefaction (2.4 million tons per year).

In Singapore is a Shell Eastern Petrochemicals Complex, the largest oil refining complex of Royal Dutch Shell (Pulau Bukom, the performance of 463 thousand barrels per day), which also includes a petrochemical plant producing ethylene, butadiene, benzene, ethylene glycol and propylene; its construction began in 2006 and in 2010 reached the minimum level of performance. A joint venture with KS Investments (part of Keppel Corporation) provides LNG to ships in the port of Singapore.

In Thailand is producing natural gas inIn the Gulf of Thailand (bongkot and G12/48 sections, 22.2% share), this field provides a fifth of the country's gas consumption.

InSaudi Arabia has an oil refinery in al-Jubail (50% share, capacity of 292 thousand barrels per day).

From other Asian countries, Royal Dutch Shell is represented in Indonesia (offshore gas production, Inpex Masela Ltd project, 35 %), Philippines (Malampaya project[55]),UAE (15 % stake in ADNOC Gas Processing, a natural gas processing and exporting company),Jordan, Kuwait, Mongolia, Myanmar, Palestine and Turkey.

Shell scripts

Shell was one of the first global oil companies to develop and propose scenarios for the future development of the global energy market in the 1970s. Using scenarios allows companies to build their own development strategy, manage risks, anticipate and understand the dynamics of changes in the oil and gas markets. The latest version of the "Shell energy scenarios to 2050" scenarios was updated and presented by the company in 2011.

Criticism

In 2007, the international society "Friends of the Earth )Russian."it stated that the damage caused by Shell's oil production activities, both locally and globally, can be estimated at $20 billion.

Nigeria

In early 1996, Shell became the largest oil producer in the world.Nigeria, was accused of collaborating with the military regime in that country, which led to the physical elimination of the poet.Ken Saro-WIWA, a fighter against oil rigs. The lawsuits were brought against Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian branch. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5 million to settle the legal dispute. Shell has not admitted any liability under the charges brought against it.

In 2009, Shell was the subject of an Amnesty International report on human rights violations resulting from Shell's activities in the Niger Delta. In particular, Amnesty criticizes the ongoing flaring of associated gas and the slow response of Shell to oil spills. Documents from 2009 show that Shell regularly makes payments to the Nigerian military to prevent protests.

Shell's activities in the Niger Delta have resulted in extreme environmental pollution. Many of the oil pipelines owned by Shell in the area are old and rusty. This has led to numerous oil spills in the area, which have led to environmental degradation, destruction of vegetation and fish. Shell has acknowledged the problem with the pipelines, but denies responsibility for environmental pollution. This led to massive protests against Shell by residents in the Niger Delta and Amnesty International. In August 2011, a UN report was published criticizing Shell and the Nigerian government for the 50-year-long pollution of the Niger Delta, which the report's authors estimated would take up to 30 years and at least a billion dollars to cleanup.

America

Shell is also responsible for the world's largest freshwater oil spill ever. On January 15, 1999, a Shell tanker in lake Magdalena (Argentina) collided with another tanker, causing all its contents to spill into the lake, which led to pollution of the environment, drinking water, and the death of vegetation and animals.

Arctic

In July 2012, activists Greenpeace blocked the work of 53 shell gas stations in Edinburgh and London, protesting the company's plans to drill oil wells inThe Arctic. The Greenpeace "Protect the Arctic" movement aims to prevent oil drilling and commercial fishing in the Arctic and achieve recognition of the Arctic as a natural area of international importance.